The NFT is driving waves of Internet ownership

Background

NFT is both indivisible and unique, which is very suitable for unique marking of avatar, personal data, scarce items, asset rights and interests, IP, etc., and can be used as a value carrier for users to realize the storage, free trade and transfer of all kinds of assets.

A16Z former partner Jesse Walden argues that NFTs make the Internet Ownable, as he puts it, creators publish NFT, which enables creators to retain ownership of their content without restricting the spread of their files over the Internet. Creators get incentives from the full life cycle of sale to resale, and consumers buy NFT so that they truly own a traceable, irrevocable asset that can be freely traded without license through various marketplaces or person to person. Thus, in the web3.0 era, creators published NFT to make the Internet accessible.

As we all know, humans are extremely social creatures, born with a desire to belong to a community. In tribal times, it was difficult for a person to hunt effectively and live alone. A good way to be accepted by a group is to show identity through goods that show value to other community members. After thousands of years, people still tend to buy things to show status.

For nearly a month, OpenSea has been the protocol that generates and destroys the most ETH on Ethereum, and NFTs such as CryptoPunks have been breaking new highs, with millionaires willing to pay more than $800,000 for an avatar. NFT is the only kind of digital asset that people can actually own, and NFT allows people from all over the world to show their identity by acquiring rare and expensive assets. In the future, NFT will no doubt play a big role in the metauniverse, and when everything goes digital, proving that you own something and can take it with you over the Internet will be key. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that NFT will replace traditional luxury goods as a way of life for players to demonstrate power and identity.

Discussion

1.What do you think about network ownership?

2.How do you think NFT will replace traditional luxury goods as another asset to demonstrate power and identity?

3.Share what NFT you have recently purchased and why.

Further reading

1.Foresight Ventures: NFT makes Internet "Ownable", Games make NFT "Producible"

2.Look at NFT another way: a new kind of social network

3.An overview of the meta-universe industry panorama: DeFi and NFT are indispensable

Welcome to discuss here.

NFT正在掀起网络所有权风潮

NFT兼具不可分割性和唯一性，非常适合对头像、个人数据、稀缺道具、资产权益、IP等进行唯一性标记，并可以作为价值载体让用户实现对各类资产的存储、自由交易和转让。

A16Z 前合伙人Jesse Walden认为NFTs make the internet ownable，正如他所言，创造者发行NFT，NFT使创作者能够保留其内容的所有权，而不限制其文件在互联网上的传播。创造者从发售到转售等全生命周期中获取激励，消费者购买NFT从而真正拥有一份可追溯的、不可撤销的资产，并且通过各种 marketplace 或者 person to person 地进行无许可的自由交易。因而，web3.0时代，创作者发行的NFT使得互联网可拥有。

众所周知，人类是极其社会化的生物，天生就有归属社区的愿望。在部落文明时期，一个人很难有效地狩猎和独自生活。被团体接受的一个好方法是通过向其他社区成员展示自身价值的商品来表明身份。几千年过去了，人们仍然倾向于通过购买物品来展示地位。

近一个月，opensea 成为了以太坊上收入以及销毁 ETH 最多的协议，以 CryptoPunks 为代表的 NFTs 不断刷新价格的新高，富豪们愿意花上 80 多万美元买一个头像。NFT 是人们可以真正拥有的唯一一种数字资产，NFT 允许来自世界各地的人们通过获取稀有且昂贵的资产来表明身份。

未来，在元宇宙中，NFT无疑会扮演重要角色，当一切都数字化后，证明你拥有某样东西并能通过互联网随身携带成为关键。因此，有理由相信NFT将取代传统的奢侈品成为玩家们彰显实力和身份的一种生活方式。

讨论：

1.你对网络所有权有什么看法？

2.你对NFT将取代传统奢侈品成为另一种彰显实力和身份的资产有什么看法？

3.分享一下你近期购买了哪些NFT以及购买原因。

延伸阅读：

1.Foresight Ventures：NFT 让互联网「Ownable」, 游戏让 NFT 「Producible」

2.换个角度看NFT：一种新型的社交网络

3.一文纵览元宇宙产业全景图：DeFi 与 NFT 不可或缺

欢迎大家踊跃参与我们的讨论~

After the London upgrade, the impact of burning ETH on economic models

Background

At 8:33 pm on August 5, the Ethereum network reached the established block height of 12,965,000, completing the London hard fork upgrade. This is definitely the most eye-catching event in the entire blockchain industry recently.

With the entry into force of the EIP-1559 proposal, in the future fee market, each transaction user needs to pay a fixed basic fee. If you need to speed up transaction confirmation, you can pay a tip to the miner. The tip belongs to the miner and the basic fee is completely destroyed.

You can check the burning situation of Ethereum at any time on Ultrasound website. So far, it has burned more than 25,392 ETH, worth about 80.32 million US dollars.

The core benefits of EIP-1559

1. Better transaction fee estimation

2. Create a symbiotic relationship between ETH, the Ethereum network and users

3. Allow more reliable transaction packaging

Things that EIP-1559 can't achieve

1. The fluctuation of Gas price depends on the demand for submitted transactions and the supply of available block space. In the long run, EIP-1559 will not reduce the Gas price.

2. Even if a certain amount of ETH is destroyed for each transaction, it does not necessarily mean that enough ETH will be destroyed to offset its current issuance rate. If ETH is going to become deflationary, it needs to maintain a base fee of about 150 Gwei to offset the additional issuance of the PoW Eth1 chain, and maintain a basic fee of about 20 Gwei to offset the current additional issuance of the PoS Eth2 chain, thus EIP-1559 does not make ETH become deflationary.

Important changes to EIP-1559

1.Basic fee, tip & maximum fee

Basic fee: This is the minimum gas price that needs to be paid when the transaction is packaged into the block. The basic fee is set by the protocol. It is variable and is the part of the total fee paid by the user that will be destroyed.

Tipping: The gas price that users are willing to pay to miners in the form of "tips" in order to allow the miners to process their own transactions. This is set by the user, and the tip is paid to the miner.

Maximum cost: The highest total gas price that the user is willing to pay for each unit of Gas transaction, which is set by the user.

After the implementation of the EIP-1559 proposal, the transaction will be valid only when the maximum fee set by the user is greater than the sum of the basic fee and tip. The excess part will be returned to the user, and the formula is:

Refund amount = maximum fee-(basic fee + tip)

2.Variable block size

In EIP-1559, the target gas usage is 50% of the upper gas limit, which means that if the target gas usage of a single block is 15 million Gas, then the upper gas limit of the block will be 30 million Gas. In order to ensure that the block size stays close to the target gas usage, if the gas usage of the block is less than the target usage, Ethereum will reduce the base fee; and if it is greater than the target, Ethereum will increase the basic fee. For each full block (that is, the block size reaches the upper limit of Gas), the basic fee of the next block will increase by 12.5%.

The variable block size makes the gas price more stable by allowing the agreement to temporarily increase the available block space, making the gas price increase between blocks more stable in the short term.

3.Burn basic fee

While paying the tip to the miner, the basic fee will be destroyed and removed from circulation. With EIP-1559, users must include a small amount of ETH as a basic fee in the transaction so that the transaction can be accepted by the Ethereum network as a valid transaction. This creates a healthier relationship between ETH assets and the Ethereum network.

Discussion

1. What do you think of the London upgrade?

2. How do you think the London upgrade will affect ETH?

3. What do you think can be improved in EIP-1559?

Further reading

1.What has the Chinese community been paying attention to in the 24 hours since Ethereum started to burn?

2.What will Ethereum MEV look like in the post-EIP-1559 era?

3.Ethereum completes London upgrade, ushering in a new era of "deflation"

4.Blockchain from entry to enchantment: interpretation of the upgrade of Ethereum London

5.What has been upgraded in ETH's "London" upgrade path?

Welcome to discuss here!

伦敦升级后，燃烧的ETH对经济模型的影响

8月5日晚上8点33分，以太坊网络达到既定区块高度 12965000，完成伦敦硬分叉升级。这绝对是近期整个区块链行业内最引人注目的事件，没有之一。

随着EIP-1559提案的生效，在今后的费用市场，每笔交易用户需要支付固定基础费，如需加快交易确认可向矿工支付小费，小费归矿工所有，基础费全部被销毁。

Ultrasound网站上随时可以查看以太坊的燃烧情况，截至小编查看为止共计燃烧超过25392ETH，价值约8032万美元。

EIP-1559能带来的核心好处

1.更好的交易费预估

2.在 ETH、以太坊网络和用户之间创造一种共生关系

3.允许更加可靠的交易打包

EIP-1559 无法实现的事情

1.Gas价格的波动取决于提交交易的需求和可用的区块空间的供应，从长远来看EIP-1559并不能降低 Gas 价格。

2.即使每笔交易销毁了一定数量的 ETH，也不一定意味着会销毁足够多的 ETH 来抵消其当前的发行速率。如果 ETH 要变得通缩，需要维持约 150 Gwei 的基本费用 (Base Fee) 来抵消 PoW Eth1 链的 ETH 增发，以及需要维持约 20 Gwei 的基本费用来抵消当前 PoS Eth2 链的增发，因而默认情况下并不会使得 ETH 变得通缩。

EIP-1559的重要变更

1.基本费、小费 & 最高费用

基本费： 即交易被打包进区块需要支付的最低 Gas 价格，基本费由协议设置，它是可变的，是用户支付的总费用中会被销毁的那部分。

小费： 即用户为了让矿工处理自己的交易而愿意以「小费」的方式向矿工支付的 Gas 价格。这是由用户设置的，且这笔小费支付给矿工。

最高费用： 用户愿意为每单位的 Gas 交易支付的最高总 Gas 价格，这是由用户设置的。

EIP-1559 提案实施之后，只有当用户设置的最高费用大于基本费和小费之和时，交易才会有效。超出的部分将被退还给用户，用公式来表达就是：
退款额 = 最高费用 - (基本费 + 小费)

2.可变的区块大小

EIP-1559中，目标 Gas 使用量是 Gas 上限的 50%，这意味着如果单个区块的目标 Gas 使用量是 1500 万 Gas，那么区块的 Gas 上限将是 3000 万 Gas。为了确保区块大小保持接近目标 Gas 使用量，如果当区块的 Gas 使用量小于该目标使用量时，以太坊将降低基本费 (Base Fee)；而如果大于该目标时，以太坊将增长基本费。对于每个满块 (即区块大小达到 Gas 上限)，下一个区块的基本费将增长 12.5%。

可变的区块大小通过允许协议临时增加可用的区块空间来使 Gas 价格更加平稳，使得短期内区块之间的 Gas 价格的涨幅更加平稳。

3.销毁基本费

在支付小费给矿工的同时，基本费 (Base Fee) 将被销毁并从流通中移除。借助 EIP-1559，用户必须在交易中包含一小笔 ETH 作为基本费，以使该笔交易被以太坊网络接受为有效交易，从而为 ETH 资产和以太坊网络之间创建了一种更加健康的关系。

讨论：

1.你怎么看待此次伦敦升级？

2.你认为伦敦升级对ETH有哪些影响？

3.你认为EIP-1559还有哪些可以改善的地方？

延伸阅读：

1.以太坊开始燃烧的 24 小时里，中文社区都在关注什么？

2.后 EIP-1559 时代，以太坊 MEV 会是什么样？

3.以太坊完成伦敦升级，开启「通缩」新纪元

4.区块链从入门到入魔：以太坊伦敦升级解读

5.ETH的“伦敦”升级之路到底升级了什么